Chapter 15. Alternating-Current Circuits
15.5 Resonance in an AC Circuit
Learning Objectives
By the end of the section, you will be able to:
- Determine the peak ac resonant angular frequency for a RLC circuit
- Explain the width of the average power versus angular frequency curve and its significance using terms like bandwidth and quality factor
In the RLC series circuit of Figure 15.11, the current amplitude is, from Equation 15.10,
If we can vary the frequency of the ac generator while keeping the amplitude of its output voltage constant, then the current changes accordingly. A plot of [latex]{I}_{0}[/latex] versus [latex]\text{ω}[/latex] is shown in Figure 15.17.
In Oscillations, we encountered a similar graph where the amplitude of a damped harmonic oscillator was plotted against the angular frequency of a sinusoidal driving force (see Forced Oscillations). This similarity is more than just a coincidence, as shown earlier by the application of Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the circuit of Figure 15.11. This yields
or
where we substituted dq(t)/dt for i(t). A comparison of Equation 15.16 and, from Oscillations, Damped Oscillations for damped harmonic motion clearly demonstrates that the driven RLC series circuit is the electrical analog of the driven damped harmonic oscillator.
The resonant frequency [latex]{f}_{0}[/latex] of the RLC circuit is the frequency at which the amplitude of the current is a maximum and the circuit would oscillate if not driven by a voltage source. By inspection, this corresponds to the angular frequency [latex]{\text{ω}}_{0}=2\pi {f}_{0}[/latex] at which the impedance Z in Equation 15.15 is a minimum, or when
and
This is the resonant angular frequency of the circuit. Substituting [latex]{\text{ω}}_{0}[/latex] into Equation 15.9, Equation 15.10, and Equation 15.11, we find that at resonance,
Therefore, at resonance, an RLC circuit is purely resistive, with the applied emf and current in phase.
What happens to the power at resonance? Equation 15.14 tells us how the average power transferred from an ac generator to the RLC combination varies with frequency. In addition, [latex]{P}_{\text{ave}}[/latex] reaches a maximum when Z, which depends on the frequency, is a minimum, that is, when [latex]{X}_{L}={X}_{C}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}Z=R.[/latex] Thus, at resonance, the average power output of the source in an RLC series circuit is a maximum. From Equation 15.14, this maximum is [latex]{V}_{\text{rms}}^{2}\text{/}R.[/latex]
Figure 15.18 is a typical plot of [latex]{P}_{\text{ave}}[/latex] versus [latex]\text{ω}[/latex] in the region of maximum power output. The bandwidth [latex]\text{Δ}\text{ω}[/latex] of the resonance peak is defined as the range of angular frequencies [latex]\text{ω}[/latex] over which the average power [latex]{P}_{\text{ave}}[/latex] is greater than one-half the maximum value of [latex]{P}_{\text{ave}}.[/latex] The sharpness of the peak is described by a dimensionless quantity known as the quality factor Q of the circuit. By definition,
where [latex]{\text{ω}}_{0}[/latex] is the resonant angular frequency. A high Q indicates a sharp resonance peak. We can give Q in terms of the circuit parameters as
Resonant circuits are commonly used to pass or reject selected frequency ranges. This is done by adjusting the value of one of the elements and hence “tuning” the circuit to a particular resonant frequency. For example, in radios, the receiver is tuned to the desired station by adjusting the resonant frequency of its circuitry to match the frequency of the station. If the tuning circuit has a high Q, it will have a small bandwidth, so signals from other stations at frequencies even slightly different from the resonant frequency encounter a high impedance and are not passed by the circuit. Cell phones work in a similar fashion, communicating with signals of around 1 GHz that are tuned by an inductor-capacitor circuit. One of the most common applications of capacitors is their use in ac-timing circuits, based on attaining a resonant frequency. A metal detector also uses a shift in resonance frequency in detecting metals (Figure 15.19).
Example
Resonance in an RLC Series Circuit
(a) What is the resonant frequency of the circuit of Example 15.1? (b) If the ac generator is set to this frequency without changing the amplitude of the output voltage, what is the amplitude of the current?
Strategy
The resonant frequency for a RLC circuit is calculated from Equation 15.17, which comes from a balance between the reactances of the capacitor and the inductor. Since the circuit is at resonance, the impedance is equal to the resistor. Then, the peak current is calculated by the voltage divided by the resistance.
Solution
Show Answer
- The resonant frequency is found from Equation 15.17:
- At resonance, the impedance of the circuit is purely resistive, and the current amplitude is
[latex]{I}_{0}=\frac{0.100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}}{4.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}}=2.50\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\text{A}\text{.}[/latex]
Significance
If the circuit were not set to the resonant frequency, we would need the impedance of the entire circuit to calculate the current.
Example
Power Transfer in an RLC Series Circuit at Resonance
(a) What is the resonant angular frequency of an RLC circuit with [latex]R=0.200\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\text{,}[/latex] [latex]L=4.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{H,}[/latex] and [latex]C=2.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-6}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F?}[/latex] (b) If an ac source of constant amplitude 4.00 V is set to this frequency, what is the average power transferred to the circuit? (c) Determine Q and the bandwidth of this circuit.
Strategy
The resonant angular frequency is calculated from Equation 15.17. The average power is calculated from the rms voltage and the resistance in the circuit. The quality factor is calculated from Equation 15.9 and by knowing the resonant frequency. The bandwidth is calculated from Equation 15.18 and by knowing the quality factor.
Solution
Show Answer
- The resonant angular frequency is
- At this frequency, the average power transferred to the circuit is a maximum. It is
[latex]{P}_{\text{ave}}=\frac{{V}_{\text{rms}}^{2}}{R}=\frac{{\left[\left(1\text{/}\sqrt{2}\right)\left(4.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}\right)\right]}^{2}}{0.200\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}}=40.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}\text{.}[/latex] - The quality factor of the circuit is
[latex]Q=\frac{{\text{ω}}_{0}L}{R}=\frac{\left(1.12\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{rad/s}\right)\left(4.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{\text{−3}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{H}\right)}{0.200\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}}=224.[/latex]
We then find for the bandwidth
Significance
If a narrower bandwidth is desired, a lower resistance or higher inductance would help. However, a lower resistance increases the power transferred to the circuit, which may not be desirable, depending on the maximum power that could possibly be transferred.
Check Your Understanding
In the circuit of Figure 15.11, [latex]L=2.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{H,}[/latex] [latex]C=5.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-4}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F,}[/latex] and [latex]R=40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\text{.}[/latex] (a) What is the resonant frequency? (b) What is the impedance of the circuit at resonance? (c) If the voltage amplitude is 10 V, what is i(t) at resonance? (d) The frequency of the AC generator is now changed to 200 Hz. Calculate the phase difference between the current and the emf of the generator.
Show Solution
a. 160 Hz; b. [latex]40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}[/latex]; c. [latex]\left(0.25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{3}t[/latex]; d. 0.023 rad
Check Your Understanding
What happens to the resonant frequency of an RLC series circuit when the following quantities are increased by a factor of 4: (a) the capacitance, (b) the self-inductance, and (c) the resistance?
Show Solution
a. halved; b. halved; c. same
Check Your Understanding
The resonant angular frequency of an RLC series circuit is [latex]4.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{rad/s}\text{.}[/latex] An ac source operating at this frequency transfers an average power of [latex]2.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}[/latex] to the circuit. The resistance of the circuit is [latex]0.50\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\text{.}[/latex] Write an expression for the emf of the source.
Show Solution
[latex]v\left(t\right)=\left(0.14\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(4.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{2}t\right)[/latex]
Summary
- At the resonant frequency, inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance.
- The average power versus angular frequency plot for a RLC circuit has a peak located at the resonant frequency; the sharpness or width of the peak is known as the bandwidth.
- The bandwidth is related to a dimensionless quantity called the quality factor. A high quality factor value is a sharp or narrow peak.
Problems
(a) Calculate the resonant angular frequency of an RLC series circuit for which [latex]R=20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}[/latex], [latex]L=7\text{5 mH}[/latex], and [latex]C=4.0\mu \text{F}\text{.}[/latex] (b) If R is changed to [latex]300\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω},[/latex] what happens to the resonant angular frequency?
The resonant frequency of an RLC series circuit is [latex]2.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{3}\text{Hz}\text{.}[/latex] If the self-inductance in the circuit is 5.0 mH, what is the capacitance in the circuit?
Show Solution
[latex]1.3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-6}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}[/latex]
(a) What is the resonant frequency of an RLC series circuit with [latex]R=20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}[/latex], [latex]L=2.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mH}[/latex], and [latex]C=4.0\mu \text{F}[/latex]? (b) What is the impedance of the circuit at resonance?
For an RLC series circuit, [latex]R=100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}[/latex], [latex]L=150\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mH}[/latex], and [latex]C=0.25\mu \text{F}\text{.}[/latex] (a) If an ac source of variable frequency is connected to the circuit, at what frequency is maximum power dissipated in the resistor? (b) What is the quality factor of the circuit?
Show Solution
a. 820 Hz; b. 7.8
An ac source of voltage amplitude 100 V and variable frequency f drives an RLC series circuit with [latex]R=10\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}[/latex], [latex]L=2.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mH}[/latex], and [latex]C=25\mu \text{F}\text{.}[/latex] (a) Plot the current through the resistor as a function of the frequency f. (b) Use the plot to determine the resonant frequency of the circuit.
(a) What is the resonant frequency of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor connected in series if [latex]R=100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω,}[/latex] [latex]L=2.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{H}[/latex], and [latex]C=5.0\mu \text{F}[/latex]? (b) If this combination is connected to a 100-V source operating at the resonant frequency, what is the power output of the source? (c) What is the Q of the circuit? (d) What is the bandwidth of the circuit?
Show Solution
a. 50 Hz; b. 50 W; c. 6.32; d. 50 rad/s
Suppose a coil has a self-inductance of 20.0 H and a resistance of [latex]200\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}[/latex]. What (a) capacitance and (b) resistance must be connected in series with the coil to produce a circuit that has a resonant frequency of 100 Hz and a Q of 10?
An ac generator is connected to a device whose internal circuits are not known. We only know current and voltage outside the device, as shown below. Based on the information given, what can you infer about the electrical nature of the device and its power usage?
Show Solution
The reactance of the capacitor is larger than the reactance of the inductor because the current leads the voltage. The power usage is 30 W.
Glossary
- bandwidth
- range of angular frequencies over which the average power is greater than one-half the maximum value of the average power
- quality factor
- dimensionless quantity that describes the sharpness of the peak of the bandwidth; a high quality factor is a sharp or narrow resonance peak
- resonant frequency
- frequency at which the amplitude of the current is a maximum and the circuit would oscillate if not driven by a voltage source
Licenses and Attributions
Resonance in an AC Circuit. Authored by: OpenStax College. Located at: https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/15-5-resonance-in-an-ac-circuit. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/1-introduction